¿How Does He Contribute the Waste Occurred to the Environmental Deterioration?A. Atmosphere
The burning to sky opened of municipal garbage causes the emission of different pollutants. Based on the calculation of loads of pollution of the air from the disposition of solid waste, according to the Pan-American Center of Human Ecology and Health of the Pan-American Organization of the Health, the quantities calculated of the principal pollutants by the burning to sky opened of municipal garbage are:
For every ton of solid burnt waste the garbage generates two types of gases:
* Greenhouse gases: These gases are the methane and the dioxide of carbon which properties are to retain the heat build-up for the solar radiation and to raise the temperature of the atmosphere.
* Degradadores Of The Cap Of Ozone: There are products that for the nature of his manufacture and the chemical agents used in his production, generate certain gases that disintegrate the cap of ozone. These gases are known like clorofluorcarbonados or CFC's and use in the manufacture of packings of unicel, as propellents of aerosols for the hair, in some paintings and deodorants. When the packings of these products are rejected to the garbage they turn into emission sources of these gases.
2. Beings Vivos
The pollutants generated during the burning of garbage have consequences on the human health, and in general effects on the alive beings and the ecosystems.
The pollutants of the air, both gaseous and articulated, can have negative effects on the lungs. The solid particles can be impregnated in the walls of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. The majority of these particles are eliminated of the lungs by means of the action of cleanliness of the cilios of the lungs. Nevertheless, the extremely small particles can reach the pulmonary alveoli, where often it takes weeks, months or enclosedly years in order that the body eliminates them. The gaseous pollutants of the air also can affect the function of the lungs by means of the reduction of the action of the cilios. The constant breathing of contaminated air diminishes the function of normal cleanliness of the lungs.
The garbages attract rates, insects, flies and other animals that transmit diseases; they contaminate the air when detach toxic chemists (Dioxide of carbon and others), powders and smells of the garbage during his rot. In addition, the dumps of garbage when it rains, help to contaminate the superficial and underground waters.
The majority of the tiraderos of garbage are located in areas big and flat, lacking in vegetation. In times of drought, the winds raise a great quantity of powder that is transported by the wind, contaminating the water of rivers, lakes, wells, food, nearby populations, etc., due to the fact that these particles of powder remain suspended in the air.
Between the garbage deposited in the tiraderos generally there are fecal dregs of human and animal beings. These excrements contain microorganisms, which the winds drag and deposit in the water and exposed food outdoors, and in general on the nearby populations.
The garbage is a reason of many diseases, because in her there multiply microbes and other plagues like flies, cockroaches and rates. Also it attracts dogs and other animals that can trasmitirlas. The garbage must manage carefully and settle in suitable places, to avoid the smells and the disagreeable aspect; with it we help to avoid the pollution of the soil, of the water and of the air.
There are great the diseases caused by the microbes that take place for the accumulation of garbage, especially when they enter in touch with the water of drinking or the food; because of it, it is necessary to to handle adequately and eliminate it sanitarily.
3. It waters down
The pollution of the water can be given in sanitary not designed landfills following technical procedure. This way, there can be pollution of underground waters or of superficial bodies of water by water of run-off. For the specific case of the burning of garbage, pollution of the water will exist if the produced particles come up to water bodies. There can be pollution by means of the production of lixiviados that are the substances proceeding from the rotten garbage and that filters to the soil by means of the water.
2. You cause
We live in a company of consumption in which the residues that we generate have turned into a serious problem for the environment, due to the fact that we are immersed in the culture of using and throwing.
The solid domestic residues usually are concentrated by the inhabitants of the housing in an alone container, which, then, there is unloaded to an alone truck recollector, who, in turn, transports them to an alone site of final disposition, where, at best, it is achieved to separate to some of these residues to recycle them or to refuse them.
The problematics originated by the inadequate management of the solid residues is worsening in practically all the cities of the country. In the majority of the municipalities the service of compilation and disposition of the solid residues is deficient. This gives origin to a series of serious problems of public health.
The inadequate disposition of the solid residues is a source of proliferation of harmful fauna (rates, cockroaches, flies, mosquitos, etc.), which can transmit infectious diseases. The solid residues arranged inadequately can generate gases, smokes and powders that they contribute to the air pollution. They can originate, also, problems of pollution of the aquiferous bonuses, for the percolation of his lixiviados in the subsoil.
The problem is growing, since the generation of residues per.-capita is increasing, up to overcoming a kilogram for inhabitant / day in the big cities. On the other hand, there do not exist sufficient places that could shelter safely these residues
Product of a bad management of the garbage together with a lack of civil conscience, problems take place as the accumulation of residues in certain zones or botaderos. In addition often this garbage of the informal botaderos is burned producing problems of pollution described in the following point.
3. Solutions
The principal corrective solution that have to of taking part of a correct management of the solid residues, relies on a Sanitary Landfill that it should expire with all the technical necessary procedure. Debit of there being an integral managing of the solid residues, from his generation up to his final disposition.
The basic beginning of the functioning of a sanitary landfill is that of the application of beginning of engineering to confine the garbage, reducing his volume (to the practicable minimum) and covering the garbage with a cap of land at the end of every day. This one must count with:
* A drainage system of biogas that has for purpose evacuate the gas methane and others of fermentation (fundamentally anaerobic) that are formed inside the mass accumulated in the course of the time. This would avoid the spontaneous combustion that takes place in the garbage, which provokes air pollution.
* A design of capture of lixiviados, since if the thickness of the soil between the base of the landfill and the underground waters does not manage to attenuate the high pollutant power of the lixiviado, this one will contaminate the underground waters, altering this way his physical, chemical and biological characteristics.
* A system of water drainage designed to reduce in possible the water quantity that comes to the different parts of the area of the zone of landfill already is for direct rainfalls, for runoffs of the water of adjacent areas, for increasing of rivers or creeks and for filtration of the sub.-soil of the landfill.
For references of the workers of the sanitary landfill, previously one was working with pipelines for leak of the biogas, but nowadays, since already it was mentioned, the treatment limits itself to the buried one of the garbage.
Another measure of correction divides from the stage of the production of the garbage, diminishing the attitude of using and bouncing, for one of a better utilization of the goods and the recycling.
An Exposition of Activities Continued with regard to the garbage constitutes a series of recommendations and advices destined to correct the inadequate behaviors and arousing on the importance of the recycling and the utilization of resources.
The incineradoras proposed as solution in this respect, beside contaminating, do not also constitute a suitable way, since we continue failing to take advantage of the potential of wealth that one hides in the garbage.
From the ecological point of view, the solution needs neither from big technologies, nor multimillionaire investments: it is a question of applying To Him plans of saving, utilization and recycling, accompanied for adapted compañas formative, that allow the maximum performance and the recovery of all those present materials in the garbage, but usable as raw material.
It is necessary to to analyze what normally throws itself to the garbage and study what is capable of being recycled. It is totally feasible to classify some types of waste and to recover them: glass, paper, metals, plastic, etc. It must been aware of the importance of the selective withdrawal of residues and the separation of garbage in house. It is necessary to to avoid to the maximum the products or bundles of using and throwing, especially the plastic ones, the tins and the aerosols, since his biodegradation is very complicated or void, etc.
To prevent the garbage from contaminating, it is necessary not to accumulate it in the court to throw her in streets or uncultivated areas; neither it is necessary to to throw to rivers, lakes or other sites of water supply.
If one does not possess service of compilation and elimination of garbage in the community, it is necessary to be organized together with the authorities of the municipality to possess this so important service. Meanwhile, we must bury the organic garbage, this one is: surpluses of food, bones, shells, remains of plants or dead animals. The inorganic garbage, that is to say, tins, bottles, metal and plastic it can reutilizarse or be canalized to processes of recycling.
It is necessary to avoid burn packings of chemical products. If there are surpluses, it is not necessary to to throw at the drainage; neither to mix them, since it is possible to cause a dangerous reaction.
The garbage produces hurts to the nature, especially for the increase of inorganic materials as containers, bags, industrial residues, batteries, disposable and different diapers. Also it is a reason of many diseases because in her microbes multiply.
It is necessary to to handle adequately the garbage to avoid the pollution. The diffusion of messages that they inform and orientate on this problem, will perform great importance to diminish the degradation of the environment and to improve the conditions of health.
4. Recycling
The difficulties for the elimination of the domiciliary and industrial waste can be overcome by the generalization of the concept of recycling. To recycle means to return to use as raw material elements used and rejected previously, to produce new others.
This task allows a sensitive decrease of the residues, simultaneously that saves enormous quantities of water and energy. In developed countries, the process is facilitated by the selective compilation of the garbage. The paper, the glass and other materials are easily recyclable. On the other hand, it would be suitable to limit the use of plastic packings that are not the new polymers autodegradadles and of packings of tin-plate - nowadays, actually, of aluminium since the production of the sheet of this material is expensive and pollutant, and it generates high consumption of water.
What fundamentally will have to exist is a study of prices of the waste with and without added value, an own model of management, and a set of technologies adapted to the national reality.
Like example and to the effects of coming closer a viable alternative to current " problem of the garbage " we enumerate that one might and should do with waste:
* Con Resto Of Food: organic credit, land for plants, lumbricultura and supply of porks and other animals.
* With plastic: by means of the recycling bags, banks, games can be done for parks, posts for field, buckets, tiles, beacons, useful students, sheets for folders or cards, sows for diverse brushes. By means of reutilization the bottles can wash for refilled, and the glasses reject them they can be in use of briefcases.
* Con Botellas and Glass button earrings: reutilization after washes or new bottles and other products of glass by means of the recycling.
* Con Envases Tetra Brick: recovery of the paper or plates of agglomerate for confection of different furniture.
* Con Escombros: landfill of areas, of ways, and in general stuffed of construction.
* Con Maderas: diverse furniture, sheets, toys or source of energy
* Con Cajones Of Madeira: toys and games.
* Con Restos Of Pruning and Of Gardening: credit or source of energy.
* Con Papeles and Cartons: by means of recycling other papers and cartons.
* Con Muebles and Torn Domestic appliances: repair or recovery of materials.
* Con Metales En general: by means of the recycling there is avoided new raw material uses simultaneously that saves itself energy. Some metals that they must be recovered to recycle are: gold, silver, copper, bronze, tin, lead, aluminium and iron.
* Con Latas Of Aluminium: by means of the recycling new tins can be done.
* Con Latas Of Steel: they can re-be in use as handles for plants, or fuse.
* Con Tanques and Plastic Cans and Of Steel: games for parks, warehouse for classification separated from waste or containers of garbage.
* Con Trapos and Remains Of Old Clothes: new fabrics.
* Con Huesos Of Animals: fertilizer and food for animals.
* Con Neumáticos Gastados: games of parks, safety fences and landfill of roads.
* Con Tubos to Gas Of Mercury: recovery of the mercury.
¿Cómo Contribuye los Desechos Solidos al Deterioro Ambiental ?
A. Atmosfera
La quema a cielo Por cada tonelada de desechos sólidos quemados la basura genera dos
* Gases De Invernadero: Estos gases son el metano y el bióxido de carbono cuyas propiedades son retener el calor generado por la radiación solar y elevar la temperatura de la atmósfera.
* Degradadores De La Capa De Ozono: Hay productos que por la naturaleza de su fabricación y los agentes químicos utilizados en su elaboración, generan ciertos gases que desintegran la capa de ozono. Estos gases son conocidos como clorofluorcarbonados o CFC´s y se emplean en la fabricación de envases de unicel, como propulsores de aerosoles para el cabello, en algunas pinturas y desodorantes. Cuando los envases de estos productos son desechados a la basura se convierten en fuentes de emisión de estos gases.
Los contaminantes generados durante la quema de basura tienen consecuencias
Los contaminantes del aire, tanto gaseoso como articulado, pueden
Las basuras atraen ratas, insectos, moscas y otros animales que transmiten enfermedades; contaminan el aire al desprender químicos tóxicos (Bióxido de carbono y otros), polvos y olores de la basura durante su putrefacción. Además, los vertederos de basura
La mayoría de los tiraderos de basura se ubican en
Entre la basura depositada en los tiraderos generalmente hay heces fecales de seres humanos y
La basura es causa de muchas
Son muchas las enfermedades causadas por los microbios que se producen por la acumulación de basura, sobre
La contaminación del agua puede darse en rellenos
Vivimos en una sociedad de consumo en la que los residuos que generamos se han convertido en un grave problema para el medio ambiente, debido a que estamos inmersos en la cultura de usar y tirar.
Los residuos sólidos domésticos usualmente son concentrados por los habitantes de la
La problemática originada por la gestión inadecuada de los residuos sólidos se está agravando en prácticamente todas las
La inadecuada disposición de los residuos sólidos es
El problema está creciendo, ya que la generación de residuos per.-capita está aumentando, hasta superar un kilogramo por habitante/día en las grandes ciudades. Por otro lado, no existen suficientes lugares que puedan
Producto de una mala gestión de la basura junto con una falta de conciencia ciudadana, se producen problemas como la acumulación de residuos en determinadas zonas o botaderos. Además algunas veces esta basura de los botaderos informales es quemada produciendo problemas de contaminación descritos en el siguiente punto.
La principal solución correctiva que debería de tomarse parte de una correcta gestión de los residuos sólidos, cuente con un Relleno Sanitario que cumpla con todas las normas técnicas necesarias. Debe de haber un
El principio básico del funcionamiento de un
- Un sistema de drenaje de biogás que tiene por finalidad evacuar el gas metano y otros de fermentación (fundamentalmente anaeróbica) que se forman en el interior de la
masa acumulada en el transcurso del tiempo. Esto evitaría la combustión espontánea que se produce en la basura, que provoca contaminación atmosférica.
- Un diseño de captación de lixiviados, ya que si el espesor del suelo
entre labase del relleno y las aguas subterráneas no logra atenuar el alto poder contaminante del lixiviado, éste contaminará las aguas subterráneas, alterando así sus características físicas, químicas y biológicas.
- Un
sistema de drenaje de agua diseñado para reducir en lo posible la cantidad de agua que llega a las diferentespartes del área de lazona de relleno ya sea por precipitaciones directas, por escurrimientos del agua de terrenos adyacentes, por crecientes de ríos o arroyos y por filtración del sub.-suelo del relleno.
Otra medida de corrección parte desde la etapa de la producción de la basura, disminuyendo la actitud de usar y botar, por una de un mejor aprovechamiento de los bienes y el reciclaje.
Un Planteamiento de Actividades Continuadas respecto a la basura constituye una serie de recomendaciones y
Las incineradoras, propuestas como solución en este sentido, además de contaminar, tampoco constituyen un camino adecuado, pues seguimos desaprovechando el potencial de
Desde el punto de
Se debe de
Para evitar que la basura contamine, es necesario no amontonarla en el patio ni tirarla en
Si no se
Hay que evitar quemar envases de productos químicos. Si hay sobrantes, no se debe de tirar al drenaje; tampoco mezclarlos, ya que se puede ocasionar una reacción peligrosa
La basura produce daños a la naturaleza, sobre todo por el
Se debe manejar adecuadamente la basura para evitar la contaminación. La difusión de
Las dificultades para la eliminación de los desechos domiciliarios e industriales pueden ser superadas con la generalización del concepto de reciclado. Reciclar significa volver a usar como materia prima elementos utilizados y descartados anteriormente, para producir otros Lo que fundamentalmente deberá existir es un
A modo de ejemplo y a los efectos de aproximarnos a una alternativa viable al actual "problema de la basura" enumeramos que se podría y debería
* Con Resto De Alimentos: abono orgánico, tierra para plantas, lumbricultura y alimentación de cerdos y otros animales.
* Con plásticos: mediante el reciclaje se pueden hacer bolsas, bancos, juegos para parques, postes para campo, baldes, baldosas, balizas, útiles escolares, láminas para carpetas o tarjetas, cerdas para diversos cepillos. Mediante reutilización las botellas se pueden lavar para rellenado, y los vasos descartadles pueden utilizarse de maletines.
* Con Botellas y Bollones De Vidrio: reutilización luego de lavados o nuevas botellas y otros productos de vidrio mediante el reciclaje.
* Con Envases Tetra Brick: recuperación del papel o planchas de aglomerado para confección de distintos muebles.
* Con Escombros: relleno de terrenos, de caminos, y en general rellenos de construcción.
* Con Maderas: diversos muebles, láminas, juguetes o fuente de energía
* Con Cajones De Madera: juguetes y juegos.
* Con Restos De Poda y De Jardinería: abono o fuente de energía.
* Con Papeles y Cartones: mediante reciclado otros papeles y cartones.
* Con Muebles y Electrodomésticos Rotos: reparación o recuperación de materiales.
* Con Metales En General: mediante el reciclaje se evita usar nueva materia prima a la vez que se ahorra energía. Algunos metales que deben ser recuperados para reciclar son: oro, plata, cobre, bronce, estaño, plomo, aluminio y hierro.
* Con Latas De Aluminio: mediante el reciclaje se pueden hacer nuevas latas.
* Con Latas De Acero: se pueden reutilizar como macetas para plantas, o fundir.
* Con Tanques y Bidones Plásticos y De Acero: juegos para parques, depósito para clasificación diferenciada de desechos o recipientes de basura.
* Con Trapos y Restos De Ropa Vieja: nuevos tejidos.
* Con Huesos De Animales: fertilizante y alimento para animales.
* Con Neumáticos Gastados: juegos de parques, vallas de seguridad y relleno de carreteras.
* Con Tubos a Gas De Mercurio: recuperación del mercurio.
